Calico cat
Calico cats are domestic cats
with a spotted or particolored coat that is predominantly white, with
patches of two other colors (often orange and black, sometimes gray).
Outside North America, the pattern is more usually called tortoiseshell and white. In the province of Quebec, Canada, they are sometimes called chatte d'Espagne (French for '(female) cat of Spain'). Other names include brindle, tricolor cat, tobi mi-ke (Japanese for 'triple fur'), and lapjeskat (Dutch for 'patches cat'); calicoes with diluted coloration have been called calimanco or clouded tiger. Occasionally, the tri-color calico coloration is combined with a tabby patterning; this calico-patched tabby is called a caliby.[1]
"Calico" refers only to a color pattern on the fur, not to a breed or two-colored eyes on a cat.[2] Among the breeds whose standards allow calico coloration are the Manx, American Shorthair, British Shorthair, Persian, Arabian Mau, Japanese Bobtail, Exotic Shorthair, Siberian, Turkish Van, Turkish Angora and Norwegian Forest Cat.
Because genetic determination of coat colors in calico cats is linked to the X chromosome,
calicos are nearly always female, with one color linked to the maternal
X chromosome and a second color linked to the paternal X chromosome.[2][3]
Because males only have one X chromosome, they can be orange or black,
but a male calico would have to have a rare condition where they have three sex chromosomes
(two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome) in order to be calico. In
addition to other symptoms caused by the condition, these male calicos
are often sterile.
There is also a type of calico cat referred to as a dilute calico.
Dilute calicos are not necessarily rare. They are recognized by their
grey, silver, and gold colors instead of the traditional white, black,
brown or red patched coat of a calico. Dilute calicos are also called light calicos, because they usually have no dark-colored fur
.
History
The
coat pattern of calico cats does not define any breed, but occurs
incidentally in cats that express a range of color patterns; accordingly
the effect has no definitive historical background. However, the
existence of patches in calico cats was traced to a certain degree by
Neil Todd in a study determining the migration of domesticated cats
along trade routes in Europe and Northern Africa.[4] The proportion of cats having the orange mutant gene
found in calicoes was traced to the port cities along the Mediterranean
in Greece, France, Spain and Italy, originating from Egypt.[5]
Genetics
In genetic terms, calico cats are tortoiseshells
in every way, except that in addition they express a white spotting
gene. There is however one anomaly: as a rule of thumb the larger the
areas of white, the fewer and larger the patches of ginger and dark or tabby coat.[citation needed]
In contrast a non-white-spotted tortoiseshell usually has small patches
of color or even something like a salt-and-pepper sprinkling. This
reflects the genetic effects on relative speeds of migration of
melanocytes and X-inactivation in the embryo.[6]
Serious study of calico cats seems to have begun about 1948 when Murray Barr and his graduate student E.G. Bertram noticed dark, drumstick-shaped masses inside the nuclei of nerve cells of female cats, but not in male cats. These dark masses became known as Barr bodies.[7] In 1959, Japanese cell biologist Susumu Ohno determined the Barr bodies were X chromosomes.[7] In 1961, Mary Lyon proposed the concept of X-inactivation: one of the two X chromosomes inside a female mammal shuts off.[7] She observed this in the coat color patterns in mice.[8]
Calico cats are almost always female because the locus of the gene for the orange/non-orange coloring is on the X chromosome. In the absence of other influences, such as color inhibition that causes white fur, the alleles present in those orange loci determine whether the fur is orange or not. Female cats, like all female placental mammals,
normally have two X chromosomes. In contrast, male placental mammals,
including chromosomally stable male cats, have one X and one Y
chromosome.[2][7][9]
Since the Y chromosome does not have any locus for the orange gene,
there is no chance that an XY male could have both orange and non-orange
genes together, which is what it takes to create tortoiseshell or
calico coloring.[citation needed]
One exception is that in rare cases faulty cell division may leave an extra X chromosome in one of the gametes that produced the male cat. That extra X then is reproduced in each of his cells, a condition referred to as XXY, or Klinefelter syndrome.
Such a combination of chromosomes could produce tortoiseshell or calico
markings in the male, in the same way as XX chromosomes produce them in
the female.[citation needed]
All but about one in three thousand of the rare calico or tortoiseshell male cats are sterile
because of the chromosome abnormality, and breeders reject any
exceptions for stud purposes because they generally are of poor physical
quality and fertility. In any event, because the genetic conditions for
calico coloring are X linked, a fertile male calico's coloring would
not have any determination in the coloring of any male offspring (who
would receive the Y, not the X chromosome from their father).
As Sue Hubble stated in her book Shrinking the Cat: Genetic Engineering before We Knew about Genes,
The mutation that gives male cats a ginger-colored coat and females ginger, tortoiseshell, or calico coats produced a particularly telling map. The orange mutant gene is found only on the X, or female, chromosome. As with humans, female cats have paired sex chromosomes, XX, and male cats have XY sex chromosomes. The female cat, therefore, can have the orange mutant gene on one X chromosome and the gene for a black coat on the other. The piebald gene is on a different chromosome. If expressed, this gene codes for white, or no color, and is dominant over the alleles that code for a certain color (i.e. orange or black), making the white spots on calico cats. If that is the case, those several genes will be expressed in a blotchy coat of the tortoiseshell or calico kind. But the male, with his single X chromosome, has only one of that particular coat-color gene: he can be not-ginger or he can be ginger (although some modifier genes can add a bit of white here and there), but unless he has a chromosomal abnormality he cannot be a calico cat.[5]
It is currently impossible to reproduce the fur patterns of calico cats by cloning. Penelope Tsernoglou wrote "This is due to an effect called x-linked inactivation
which involves the random inactivation of one of the X chromosomes.
Since all female mammals have two X chromosomes, one might wonder if
this phenomenon could have a more widespread impact on cloning in the
future."[10]
Calico cats may have already provided findings relating to physiological differences between male and female mammals.[7][9][11]
Folklore
Cats of this coloration are believed to bring good luck in the folklore of many cultures.[12] In the United States, these are sometimes referred to as money cats.[13] A cat of the calico coloration is also the state cat of Maryland in the United States.[14] In the late nineteenth century, Eugene Field published "The Duel", a beloved poem for children also known as "The Gingham Dog and the Calico Cat". In Japan, the Maneki-neko figures depict calico cats, bringing good luck; and Japanese sailors often had a calico ship's cat to protect against misfortune at sea.[15]
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